Molecular markers are specific DNA sequences or genetic variations that can be used to identify and differentiate between different species, populations, or individuals within a species. These markers can be found in various regions of the genome, including coding regions (exons) as well as non-coding regions (introns). They provide valuable information for studying evolutionary relationships, population genetics, gene function and expression, and can also aid in the identification of specific individuals or breeds. Molecular markers are widely used in various fields such as plant and animal breeding, medical research, forensic science, and conservation biology.